What is Hypothermia? Causes and Symptoms

Hypothermia is a medical condition that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can generate it, causing the core body temperature to drop below the normal range of 95°F (35°C). If left untreated, hypothermia can be life-threatening, as it affects essential body functions, including the nervous and cardiovascular systems.

Hypothermia can develop due to prolonged exposure to cold environments. Common causes include:

• Cold weather exposure – Being outside in very cold temperatures without proper clothing.

• Immersion in cold water – Falling into cold water or prolonged exposure to wet conditions.

• Inadequate heating – Staying in an unheated or poorly insulated home during winter.

• Clothing that does not retain heat – Wearing damp or insufficient clothing in cold conditions.

• Medical conditions – Some illnesses, such as diabetes or hypothyroidism, can increase susceptibility.

• Alcohol or drug use – Impairs the body’s ability to regulate temperature and recognize cold exposure.

What is Hypothermia?

Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body’s core temperature drops below 95°F (35°C). This condition arises when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a dangerous drop in body temperature. Hypothermia can be triggered by exposure to cold weather, immersion in cold water, or a combination of both. Additionally, certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, or the use of specific medications, can increase the risk of developing hypothermia. Recognizing the signs early and taking immediate action is crucial to prevent severe complications.

Risk Factors for Hypothermia

Age and Health Status

Certain age groups and health conditions can significantly increase the risk of hypothermia. Older adults and infants are particularly vulnerable due to their bodies’ reduced ability to regulate temperature effectively. People with medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or hypothyroidism are also at a higher risk. Furthermore, individuals who are malnourished or have a weakened immune system are more susceptible to the effects of cold exposure, making them more prone to hypothermia.

Environmental Factors

Cold Weather

Cold weather is a primary risk factor for hypothermia. When exposed to cold temperatures, the body can lose heat rapidly, causing the core body temperature to drop. Factors such as wind chill, wet clothing, and prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can exacerbate this heat loss. Individuals who work or spend extended periods outdoors in cold weather, such as construction workers, skiers, or hikers, are at an increased risk of developing hypothermia. Proper clothing and protective measures are essential to prevent the body from losing heat in such conditions.

Cold Water

Cold water poses a significant risk for hypothermia. When the body is submerged in cold water, it loses heat much faster than in cold air, leading to a rapid drop in body temperature. This can occur even in water temperatures that are not extremely cold; for instance, water as warm as 70°F (21°C) can still cause hypothermia if exposure is prolonged. It’s important to note that hypothermia can develop in temperatures above 40°F (4°C) if a person becomes chilled from sweat, rain, or submersion in cold water. Wind chill can further contribute to the risk. Recognizing the symptoms of hypothermia, such as shivering, confusion, and drowsiness in mild cases, or loss of consciousness and shallow breathing in severe cases, is crucial. Immediate medical attention is necessary if hypothermia is suspected. While waiting for help, remove any wet clothing, wrap the person in a warm blanket, and provide warm (not hot) drinks to help raise their core body temperature.

Symptoms of Hypothermia

The symptoms of hypothermia vary depending on the severity of the condition. Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body temperature drops below 95°F (35°C). Early signs should not be ignored, as they can quickly progress to life-threatening stages.

Mild Hypothermia (90-95°F / 32-35°C)

• Shivering

• Cold, pale, or cold skin

• Numbness in extremities

• Confusion or mild disorientation

• Fatigue and weakness

Moderate Hypothermia (82-90°F / 28-32°C)

• Intense shivering that may stop as condition worsens

• Slurred speech and clumsiness

• Slow, shallow breathing

• Weak or irregular pulse

• Increasing confusion or drowsiness

• Core body temperature drops significantly

Severe Hypothermia (Below 82°F / 28°C)

• Loss of consciousness

• No shivering

• Slow or absent breathing

• Weak or undetectable pulse

• Dilated pupils

• Extremely low body temperature

Severe hypothermia is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Hypothermia is a serious condition that requires prompt action. Seek medical attention if:

• The person has difficulty speaking or is confused.

• Shivering stops, which may indicate worsening hypothermia.

• The person becomes unresponsive or unconscious.

• Skin is cold and bluish, indicating poor circulation.

• Take immediate action to prevent further heat loss while waiting for medical help.

Conclusion

Hypothermia occurs when the body’s core temperature drops dangerously low, affecting normal body function due to loss of body heat. Cold exposure, immersion in water, and inadequate clothing are common causes. Symptoms range from mild shivering to life-threatening unconsciousness. Recognizing early signs and seeking medical help promptly can prevent serious complications.

FAQs

What is the main cause of hypothermia?

Exposure to cold environments without proper insulation or protection leads to a dangerously low body temperature, causing hypothermia.

How does the body respond to hypothermia?

The body attempts to generate heat through shivering and constricting blood vessels to preserve warmth.

What should you do if someone has hypothermia?

Move them to a warm place, remove wet clothing, cover them with blankets, and seek medical assistance immediately.

Can hypothermia be fatal?

Yes, severe hypothermia can lead to organ failure, cardiac arrest, and death if not treated promptly.

How can hypothermia be prevented?

Wearing layered clothing, staying dry, avoiding prolonged cold exposure, and maintaining proper heating indoors can help prevent hypothermia.