5 Common Symptoms of Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core body temperature to drop below 95°F (35°C). When body temperature drops to this critical threshold, the onset of hypothermia begins, leading to severe complications for physical and mental functions. Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, even in environments above 40°F, especially if factors like moisture or wind are present. This guide provides a detailed overview of the symptoms, treatment, and prevention of hypothermia, emphasizing the importance of prompt and effective first aid to prevent serious complications or death. MyCPR NOW emphasizes the importance of understanding and recognizing hypothermia to ensure safety during outdoor activities and winter sports.

Understanding Hypothermia

Causes of Hypothermia

1. Exposure to Cold Weather: Prolonged exposure to very cold temperatures or water without adequate protection can lead to hypothermia.

2. Wet Clothing: Wearing wet clothes in cold environments causes the body to lose heat rapidly, increasing the risk of hypothermia.

3. Immersion in Cold Water: Rapid heat loss occurs in cold water, leading to hypothermia within minutes.

4. Wind Chill: Wind removes the layer of warm air surrounding the body, accelerating heat loss.

5. Inadequate Shelter: Lack of proper shelter during cold weather conditions.

6. Alcohol and Drug Use: Substances can impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increase the risk of hypothermia.

Risk Factors

1. Age: Infants and elderly are more susceptible due to less efficient body heat regulation.

2. Medical Conditions: Conditions such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and malnutrition increase susceptibility.

3. Mental Status: Impaired judgment due to mental illness or medications can prevent recognizing danger and seeking shelter.

4. Physical Condition: Poor physical health or fatigue reduces the body's ability to generate heat.

5. Lack of Proper Gear: Inadequate clothing or gear that does not insulate well against the cold increases the risk.

Symptoms of Hypothermia

Mild Hypothermia (95-90°F / 35-32°C)

1. Shivering: The body's attempt to generate heat through muscle activity.

2. Cold, Pale Skin: Blood vessels constrict to conserve heat, leading to pale skin.

3. Fatigue and Weakness: As energy is used to stay warm, fatigue sets in.

4. Increased Heart Rate and Breathing: The body attempts to generate and distribute more heat.

5. Hunger and Nausea: The body may signal a need for energy to generate heat.

Moderate Hypothermia (90-82°F / 32-28°C)

1. Intense Shivering: Shivering becomes more violent and uncontrollable.

2. Mental Confusion: Slurred speech, disorientation, and impaired judgment.

3. Blue or Pale Skin: Blood flow to extremities decreases.

4. Slow Heart Rate and Breathing: The body's systems begin to slow down.

5. Loss of Coordination: Difficulty walking or using hands.

6. Drowsiness: The person may start feeling very sleepy.

Severe Hypothermia (below 82°F / 28°C)

1. No Shivering: The body's energy reserves are depleted.

2. Unconsciousness: The brain's functions are severely impaired.

3. Very Slow Heart Rate and Breathing: Life-threateningly low levels of circulation and oxygenation.

4. Rigid Muscles: Extreme stiffness due to cold.

5. Dilated Pupils: Pupils may become unresponsive to light.

6. Weak or Irregular Pulse: Pulse may be faint or difficult to detect.

First Aid for Hypothermia

Immediate Actions

1. Ensure Safety: Before helping, ensure the environment is safe to avoid further exposure or accidents.

2. Call for Help: Dial emergency services immediately to get professional medical assistance.

Mild Hypothermia Treatment

1. Move to a Warm Environment: Bring the person indoors or to a sheltered area.

2. Remove Wet Clothing: Replace with dry, warm clothing or blankets.

3. Warm Drinks: Offer warm, non-alcoholic, and non-caffeinated beverages to help raise core temperature.

4. Use Warm Compresses: Apply warm compresses to the neck, chest, and groin. Avoid direct heat sources that can burn the skin.

5. Cover with Blankets: Use several layers of dry blankets to retain body heat.

Moderate Hypothermia Treatment

1. Handle Gently: Move the person gently to prevent cardiac arrest.

2. Warm the Core First: Focus on warming the chest and abdomen.

3. Monitor Breathing and Pulse: Be ready to perform CPR if necessary.

4. Passive Rewarming Techniques: Use blankets and warm compresses, avoiding direct heat to prevent burns and shock.

5. Insulate from the Ground: Place the person on a warm, dry surface to prevent further heat loss.

Severe Hypothermia Treatment

1. Avoid Rapid Rewarming: Do not use hot water, heating pads, or electric blankets.

2. Cover with Blankets: Use multiple layers of dry blankets.

3. Use an AED: If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it as soon as possible and follow the prompts. Ensure no one is touching the victim during shock delivery.

4. Continuous Monitoring: Keep checking for signs of breathing and pulse until help arrives.

5. Protect the Airway: Be prepared to perform CPR if the person stops breathing.

Preventing Hypothermia

Clothing and Gear

1. Layering: Wear multiple layers to trap heat, including moisture-wicking base layers, insulating middle layers, and waterproof outer layers.

2. Protect Extremities: Use hats, gloves, scarves, and thermal socks to prevent heat loss from the head, hands, and feet.

3. Waterproof and Windproof Gear: Choose outerwear that protects against wind and water.

4. Proper Footwear: Wear insulated, waterproof boots to keep feet warm and dry.

Activity and Environment

1. Stay Dry: Change wet clothes immediately and avoid getting wet if possible to keep the body warm and prevent hypothermia.

2. Limit Exposure: Take breaks in warm environments and avoid prolonged exposure to cold and wind.

3. Nutrition and Hydration: Maintain energy levels with high-calorie foods and stay hydrated with warm, non-caffeinated drinks.

4. Shelter: Use appropriate shelters like tents or cabins to protect from cold weather.

Emergency Preparedness

1. First Aid Training: Take a first aid training course to learn how to recognize and treat hypothermia and other cold-related injuries.

2. Emergency Supplies: Carry emergency blankets, hand warmers, and a first aid kit when engaging in outdoor activities.

3. Plan Ahead: Inform someone of your plans and expected return time when venturing into cold environments.

4. Emergency Communication: Carry a mobile phone or other communication device to call for help if needed.

Conclusion

Hypothermia is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and appropriate first aid. Understanding the symptoms and knowing how to respond can save lives. By dressing appropriately, staying dry, and being prepared, you can enjoy outdoor activities safely even in cold weather. First aid training, such as the courses offered by MyCPR NOW, can provide the knowledge and skills needed to handle hypothermia and other emergencies. Stay informed, stay prepared, and stay safe.